Servicecore – Do not remove
Service Cores
Indiana CTSI Research Service Cores and Resources
IU Indianapolis
Behavioral Phenotyping Core (BPC)
The BPC advises upon and/or conducts behavioral experiments in rats or mice. Assays include assessments of general sensory and motor function, cognitive processing, affective reactivity, and PK/PD relationships in drug evaluations.
Purdue University
Bindley Bioscience Center
Biomolecular technologies, imaging and cytomics, bioinformatics support, and bionanotechnology with an emphasis on nanochemistry and functionalization of nanomaterials.
IU Indianapolis
Biochemical Genetics Laboratory
Our laboratory provides clinically validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry testing for researchers interested in quantifying metabolites in a wide range of biospecimens with a particular focus on amino acid, organic acid, and acylcarnitine analyses.
IU Indianapolis
Bioinformatics Core
The Bioinformatics Core provides advanced computation and informatics approaches to analyze large and complex biological datasets.
Purdue University
Bioinformatics Core
The Bioinformatics Core provides data analysis services for genomics, proteomics and metabolomics data.
Purdue University
Biological Evaluation (BE-SR)
The Biological Evaluation Shared Resource performs highly customizable efficacy testing of novel drug or therapies for antitumor activity. We also acquire blood or tissues for pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic analyses.
IU Indianapolis
Biomedical and Health Research Services
Provide software and technology solutions for research, especially for projects that involve electronic protected health information (ePHI).
Notre Dame
Biophysics Instrumentation Core (BIC) Facility
The BIC Facility offers sophisticated instrumentation dedicated to characterizing biomolecular conformations and interactions, as well as equipment for the isolation and purification of macromolecules for subsequent detailed biophysical analysis.
IU Indianapolis
Biospecimen Collection and Banking Core
The IUSCCC Biospecimen Collection and Banking Core (BC2) provides an extensive collection of well-annotated samples from patients with malignancy and normal controls to support studies exploring the biologic basis of cancer, move basic findings to the clinic, and probe the biology underlying clinical and population phenomena.
IU Indianapolis
Biospecimen Management Core (CTSL/SSF)
The CTSI Biospecimen Management Core consists of the Specimen Storage Facility (SSF) and the Clinical and Translational Support Laboratory (CTSL), which together offer cost efficient sample processing & storage services with a focus on consistent quality and sample integrity.
IU Indianapolis
Biostatistics and Health Data Science Core
The Biostatistics and Health Data Science Core collaborates with investigators in the planning, statistical design, data management, and analysis of health related clinical, laboratory and epidemiological research projects. Grant development assistance is provided without charge.
IU Bloomington
Biostatistics Consulting Center
The Biostatistics Consulting Center provides study design and data analysis for health-related research, including study design, grant or protocol development, sample size and power calculations, data management, data analysis, and scientific writing. Support can range from hourly support on a short-term project to including a biostatistician on a long-term grant collaboration.
Purdue University
Birck Nanotechnology Center
Nanofabrication cleanroom, bio-pharma clean room, nanometrology laboratories, nanomanufacturing laboratories, microelectronics and microfuidics fabrication and testing laboratories, 3D cell culture and tissue chip laboratories
IU Indianapolis
Cell and Gene Therapy Manufacturing
The Cell and Gene Therapy Manufacturing (CGTM) Facility collaborates with investigators through all phases of cell and gene therapy manufacturing, from pre-clinical design through treatment of patients. The facility is under the direction of Emily Hopewell, PhD, and comprises the Cell Immunotherapy and Transduction Facility (CIT), the Vector Production Facility (VPF), and the Bioprocess Development and Cell Manufacturing Lab (BDL). Each section of the CGTM is led by a …
IU Indianapolis
Cellular Response Technologies Core
Conduct validated and highly reproducible in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis, endothelial, hematopoietic and multi-parametric flow cytometry assays and their role in normal and patient-related hematologic and cardiovascular disorders. The ABC also manages an IncuCyte Zoom and Seahorse XFp.
Purdue University
Center for Comparative Translational Research
Translational research spans the continuum in which research findings from the researcher’s lab are moved to the patients ‘bedside’ (human) or ‘barn’ (animal). The Center for Comparative Translational Research (CTR) wants to make bridging the gap between benchtop and bedside/barn easier by helping researchers conduct comparative animal studies using induced and spontaneous disease models. It does so by facilitating, coordinating, integrating …
IU Bloomington
Center for Evaluation, Policy, and Research (CEPR)
CEPR provides rigorous, high-quality, non-partisan evaluation, policy analyses, and research for meaningful, useful, and actionable data for clients and project stakeholders. Clients include international, federal and state agencies, public and private organizations, and foundations and endowments working across a range of fields and disciplines.
IU Bloomington
Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CGB)
The CGB offers a wide range of genomic services, including high-throughput DNA/RNA extraction, library preparation, next-generation sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis.
IU Indianapolis
Center for Medical Genomics (CMG)
The Center for Medical Genomics provides high-throughput genomics services including: genomic DNA sequencing, transcriptome RNA sequencing, miRNA sequencing, methylome or targeted methylation sequencing, protein DNA/RNA interaction (ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and CLIP-seq), 10x single cell or single nuclei sequencing, and SNP genotyping.
IU Indianapolis
Center for Proteome Analysis
The IUSM Center for Proteome Analysis provides numerous types of mass-spectrometry based proteomics services, including global proteome quantitation, affinity purification-mass spectrometry, targeted mass spectrometry analysis for precise quantitation, post-translational modification analysis, and a variety of consulting services.
Notre Dame
Center for Research Computing
The CRC houses two complementary resources: the High-Performance Computing section, providing over 35,000 cores of computational power with the associated support infrastructure for both hardware and installed software, and the Cyberinfrastructure section, empowering Faculty and industry partners to develop research software and environments that support advanced data and information processing services including acquisition, storage, management, integration, mining and …
IU Bloomington
Center for Survey Research (CSR)
Leading academic research center providing expert research design, sampling, questionnaire design, interface development and programming, data collection, data processing, and analysis services for wide range of qualitative and quantitative research projects. Partnering on cutting-edge research that involves surveys, interviews, focus groups, or structured observations.
Notre Dame
Center for Zebrafish Research
3,000 sq. ft. facility consisting of 8 double-sided racks and 38 single-sided racks, maintained independently. Separate room houses the nursery.
IU Indianapolis
Chemical Genomics Core Facility
The CGCF is located in the Van Nuys Medical Science Building in Indianapolis. The core is equipped with five hoods for chemical synthesis, a microwave reactor, a parallel synthesizer and preparative HPLCs, LC-QTOF and 600 MHz NMR; a collection of 227,680 diversified small molecules, CRISPR libraries, liquid handling, assay detection and cell image systems.
Purdue University
Chemical Genomics Facility (CGF)
The Chemical Genomics Facility (CGF) provides affordable access to large chemical and CRISPR libraries and state-of-the-art instrumentation in high-throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS) campaigns to facilitate the identification of chemical or genomic tools to study biological pathways and the discovery of lead agents for the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostic approaches. The facility also provides assistance in assay development and hit …
IU Bloomington
CISAB Mechanisms of Behavior Laboratory
The Mechanisms of Behavior Core offers the equipment, reagents, bench space, and expertise to answer questions related to the roles of genetics and hormones in relation to animal behavior.
IU Indianapolis
Clinical Pharmacology Analytical Core (CPAC)
The Clinical Pharmacology Analytical core provides drug and metabolite concentrations from a variety of biological matrices such as (but not limited to): plasma, urine, CSF, and tissue using HPLC-MS/MS. Additional services include protein binding of drugs, formulation studies, drug stability, drug metabolism, and metabolite screening.
Purdue University
Cryo-EM Facility
The Purdue Cryo-EM facility provides access to state-of-the-art instrumentation enabling users to collect data for high-resolution single particle reconstructions and tomographic studies of cells and larger complexes.
IU Bloomington
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center
Resource center providing cDNAs, plasmids, Drosophila cell lines, transgenic cell line and authentication service.
IU Bloomington
Electron Microscopy Center (IUB-EMC)
The IU Bloomington Electron Microscopy Center (IUB-EMC) provides equipment, services and expertise for biological and material science electron microscopy.
IU Indianapolis
Electrophysiology Core
The Electrophysiology Core performs rodent brain slice electrophysiological recordings to measure brain cell function.
Purdue University
Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Facility
The Purdue Flow Cytometry Core Facility provides instrumentation, data analysis software, training and technical expertise for flow cytometry analysis and cell sorting. Our capabilities also include the characterization of genome and transcriptomes using the Fluidigm C1 and 10X Genomics systems, in partnership with the Purdue Genomics Core Facility.
IU Bloomington
Flow Cytometry Core Facility (FCCF)
The IU-B FCCF provides flow cytometry analysis, sorting and cell counting services, access to flow cytometry data analysis software, assistance with experimental design, and houses a mobile (on a cart) flow cytometry analyzer and a large particle sorter.
IU Indianapolis
Flow Cytometry Resource Facility (FCRF)
The Flow Cytometry Resource Facility (FCRF) provides flow cytometric analysis and cell sorting services as well as flow cytometric image analysis.
Notre Dame
Freimann Life Sciences Center (FLSC)
The Freimann Life Sciences Center is comprised of 2 state-of-the-art animal facilities equipped to house a wide variety of vertebrates. FLSC’s key goals are to support the University of Notre Dame’s teaching and research. The Center is fully accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International.
IU Indianapolis
Genome Editing Center
The Indiana University Genome Editing Center (IUGEC) is a shared resource whose mission is to provide Indiana University and external investigators access to state-of-the-art genome editing technologies by assisting with the generation of genetically modified mouse models and cell lines in a time- and cost-effective manner.
Notre Dame
Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility (GBCF)
The Genomics & Bioinformatics Core Facility (GBCF) at the University of Notre Dame offers comprehensive services and support for state-of-the-art genomics experiments and bioinformatics analysis. This includes next generation Illumina sequencing, a variety of standard and specialty DNA and RNA library construction methods, consultation, and analysis support.
Purdue University
Genomics Facility
The Purdue Genomics Core provides both next generation – Illumina NovaSeq and MiSeq – and Sanger sequencing with an additional method to provide entire plasmid sequences for less than $35 via a service called “WideSeq”.
IU Indianapolis
HANDS In Autism Interdisciplinary Training & Resource Center
The HANDS (Helping Answer Needs by Developing Specialists) in Autism® Interdisciplinary Training & Resource Center is located within the Department of Psychiatry at the Indiana University School of Medicine. The HANDS team offers services including:
(1) recruitment,
(2) behavioral, educational, functional, and/or vocational assessment of individuals across a broad range of ages and functioning levels, and
(3) program evaluation efforts targeted to a range …
IU Indianapolis
Histology and Histomorphometry Core (HHC)
Histology and Histomorphetry Core (HHC) provides histological and histomorphometric services for basic science (non-clinical) research. Mineralized (plastic embedded), soft tissue (paraffin embedded), and cryopreserved specimens can be processed by the facility.
Purdue University
Histology Research Laboratory (HRL)
The Histology Research Laboratory is a full service histology laboratory that provides general histology, immunohistochemistry, frozen sectioning, decalcified and undecalcified bone histology, and slide digitization services. Board certified veterinary pathologists are also available for consultation.
IU Indianapolis
Human Vascular Imaging Core (HVIC)
The HVIC performs functional and anatomic vascular imaging measuremetns (flow-mediated dilation and carotid intima-media thickness).
IUSM South Bend
Imaging and Flow Cytometry Core Facility
Standard confocal or multiphoton resources for imaging live or fixed samples and a 5 color flow cytometric analyzer are available. Data analysis software for each resource is also available on site.
Purdue University
Imaging Facility
The Bioscience Imaging Facility, Purdue University, is a 24hr/7day access core facility specializing in confocal microscopy, multi-photon and light sheet microscopy, pre-clinical molecular and nuclear imaging and computed tomography (mCT) with offline analysis workstations.
IU Bloomington
Imaging Research Facility (IRF)
The IRF is a state-of-the-art neuroimaging facility that enables cutting-edge neuroscience research and training using non-invasive imaging methodologies, including both MRI and EEG.
IU Indianapolis
Immunohistochemistry Research Lab (IHC Research Lab)
The Immunohistochemistry Research Lab specializes in assisting researchers with histologic and immunohistochemical labeling of cells or tissue sections as well as collaborations with surgical pathologists.
IU Indianapolis
In Vivo Therapeutics Core (IVT)
The In Vivo Therapeutics Core (IVTC) supports the research and development of safe and more efficacious drug treatment. The IVTC provides cost-effective and comprehensive services including, but not limited to, on-site breeding facilities as well as a numerous in vivo pharmacology models to facilitate the development and testing of novel pharmacological & cellular therapies.
IU Indianapolis
In-Vivo Imaging Core
The In-Vivo Imaging Core provides imaging services for clinical trials, observational, and preclinical studies. We also provide radiochemistry support for molecular imaging. Currently, the Imaging Core is equipped with state-of-the-art imaging systems, including 3T MRI scanners, PET-CT scanners, Bruker 9.4 T preclinical PET-MRI scanner, a Siemens Eclipse Medical Cyclotron, and Radiochemistry Facilities. Highly skilled faculty and staff are available to assist with research …
IU Indianapolis
Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy (ICBM)
The ICBM provides researchers with access to laser-scanning confocal, 2-photon and epi-fluorescence microscopes (http://www.medicine.indianapolis.iu.edu/ICBM/USING-THE-FACILITY). Center personnel train individual researchers to use all imaging systems and provide expert help in the design, conduct and analysis of imaging studies. As necessary, center personnel can also be hired to conduct microscopy studies for laboratories lacking the necessary expertise.
…
IU Indianapolis
Infectious Diseases Laboratory (IDL)
The Infectious Diseases Laboratory (IDL) is skilled at performing clinical research studies including the evaluation of new molecular technologies for the diagnosis of a wide array of sexually transmitted and newly emerging pathogens, developing novel assays to meet the needs of individual research collaborators, and tailoring services to successfully meet study objectives. The laboratory has the capability to identify and type human papillomavirus (HPV) using molecular …
Notre Dame
Integrated Imaging Facility (NDIIF)
The Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility (NDIIF) is a state-of-the-art research core that makes available to the Notre Dame science and engineering community, as well as external customers, an integrated suite of sophisticated microscopes and imaging stations. The NDIIF also provides resident professional staff (three Ph.D.-level imaging specialists and two technicians) to guide the non-expert users.
Notre Dame
Integrated Imaging Facility – Histology Core (NDHC)
The Notre Dame Histology Core (NDHC) provides a means to examine biological processes in mice, rats, frogs, zebra fish, fruit flies, sheep bone, and even human tissue by use of immunohistochemical techniques and pathology.
IU Indianapolis
Investigational Agent Acquisition Program
Goal: The goal of the CTSI Investigational Agent Acquisition Program (IAAP) is to assist CTSI investigators seeking investigational agents for use in clinical trials.
Scope: The IAAP program will assist in acquiring drugs, neutraceuticals, biologics or other materials to be used in a Investigational New Drug Application or IND-exempt clinical trial.
Eligibility: Any faculty within the CTSI member institutions.
Overview: Moving bench research into …
IU Indianapolis
Islet and Physiology Core
The Islet and Physiology Core of the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases provides investigators with the capability to obtain high quality rodent pancreatic islets for study. The Core also provides services for islet transplantation and will assist investigators who wish to perform immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and/or analysis of beta cell mass on whole pancreata from mouse and rat models.
IU Indianapolis
IU School of Medicine Center for Electron Microscopy (iCEM)
The Indiana University School of Medicine Electron Microscopy Center is a full service research laboratory providing both Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The service provided can apply both traditional methods and recent technical developments to suit the investigator’s needs.
Notre Dame
Keck Center for Transgene Research (resources)
Unique research resources available for collaboration
IU Indianapolis
Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC)
The Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC) provides basic husbandry, training, supplies, and specialized service support for medical research at IU School of Medicine.
IU Bloomington
Laboratory Animal Resources (LAR)
LAR provides housing, food, water, bedding, enrichment and medical care for animals housed in LAR animal facilities to be used for research. Research is overseen by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the Institutional Official and is accredited by AAALAC International and their three primary standards (The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching, and the European …
IU Bloomington
Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry (LBMS)
The LBMS uses mass spectrometry to characterize proteins as well as other biologically-derived molecules. It specializes in the characterization of protein post-translational modifications, including glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation and persulfidation (S-sulfhydration). We also have an emphasis on identification of protein-interactions (including determination of protein-protein crosslinks) and quantitative comparisons of complex samples.
Purdue University
Life Science Microscopy Facility
The Life Science Microscopy Facility (LSMF) is an electron microscopy core with both service and individual use options.
IU Bloomington
Light Microscopy Imaging Center (LMIC)
The LMIC provides access and training for confocal and super-resolution light microscopy systems with support for experimental design and data visualization.
IU Bloomington
Macromolecular Crystallography Facility Integrated with the Crystallization Automation Facility (MCF/CAF)
The Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography Facility provides all resources for Crystal Screening and Optimization, Data Collection and Structure Determination of macromolecules.
Notre Dame
Magnetic Resonance Research Center
The Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC) supports research in chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, engineering and related fields. The MRRC operates six solution-state NMR spectrometers (400 to 800 MHz), a solid-state 300 MHz NMR instrument, and an X-band EPR spectrometer. Most instruments are equipped with sample changers for increased sample throughput. See the MRRC website for more information.
Notre Dame
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility
Analysis of large and small molecules using several ionization methods, low or high resolution, hyphenated techniques, proteomics, and metabolomics.
IU Bloomington
Mass Spectrometry Facility
The Indiana University Mass Spectrometry Facility (MSF) provides qualitative and quantitative small molecule mass spectrometry data. It also confirms chemical formulae of novel compounds by accurate mass spectrometry.
Purdue University
Metabolite Profiling Facility (MPF)
The Metabolite Profiling Facility (MPF) provides both qualitative (comparative analysis) and quantitative (absolute concentrations) metabolite chemical analysis in complex biological systems.
Notre Dame
Molecular Structure Facility
The Molecular Structure Facility at the University of Notre Dame provides for X-Ray structural studies of small (ca. 2kDa) molecules. The Facility has the capability to examine a wide range of molecules from “light atom” biologically relevant to metal-complexed compounds which can be readily analyzed using non-destructive techniques.
IU Indianapolis
Multiplex Analysis Core (MAC)
The Multiplex Analysis Core (MAC) offers microplate-based immunoassay systems that can perform multiplex analysis of multiple different analytes in a single sample. The MAC uses a Bio-Plex 200 Multiplex System with High Throughput Fluidics based on Luminex technology.
IU Bloomington
NMR Facility
The NMR Facility offers solution NMR spectroscopy services for small and large molecules.
IU Bloomington
Oxidative Stress and Environmental Analysis Core
The Oxidative Stress Environmental Analysis Core laboratory has established a number of measurements for assessing oxidative stress and damage in a variety of biological samples with excellent accuracy and reproducibly using state of the art LC-MSMS, GC, and PCR equipment.
Purdue University
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Core Facility
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Core Facility provides support and capabilities for a wide range of research in pharmaceutical development and manufacturing. Technical support for the Facility is provided by the faculty of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy who have extensive pharmaceutical manufacturing experience in both industrial and academic environments.
IU Bloomington
Physical and Biochemistry Instrumentation Facility (PBIF)
The PBIF provides resources to characterize particle properties as well as macromolecular interactions.
Purdue University
Pre-Clinical Research Laboratory (PCL)
The Pre-Clinical Research Laboratory (PCL) helps researchers conduct pre-clinical animal research by providing research expertise, technical support, surgical experience, and surgical facilities and equipment. The PCL is a multidisciplinary laboratory where researchers conduct advanced clinical and applied research using induced animal models ranging from rodents to pigs and sheep
IU Indianapolis
Preclinical Modeling and Therapeutics Core (PMTC)
The Preclinical Modeling and Therapeutics Core (PMTC) facilitates the development of pharmacological and cellular therapies for cancer. It provides advanced resources essential for the preclinical validation of novel drug targets and biomarkers of cancer. The PMTC provides expertise in:
• Cellular response technologies
• Breeding of specialized mouse strains
• Tumor modeling
• In vivo therapeutics efficacy & safety testing
• …
Purdue University
Proteomics Facility
The Purdue Proteomics Facility provides chromatography, mass spectrometry and bioinformatic resources for the research communities on campus and beyond for protein characterization. These services include protein identification, relative and absolute quantitation, mapping post-translational modifications, and discovering new protein complexes and protein-protein interactions from a wide variety of sample types such as gel bands, cell or tissue lysates, and plasma or …
Purdue University
Purdue MRI Facility
The Purdue MRI Facility houses two 3T full body MRI systems and one 7T small bore (animal) MRI system that are available for research involving MRI, MR spectroscopy, and other MR applications.
IU Indianapolis
Regenstrief Data Services
Services RDS offerings include, but are not limited to:
• Feasibility
• DIY: i2b2
• Cohorts
• Recruitment Lists
• Registries
• Patient Lists
• Geocoding
• Phenotyping
• Deidentification
• EHR Integration/Innovation
• Application Development
• Application Prototypes
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Data Linkage
• Machine Learning Models …
IU Indianapolis
Research Jam
Research Jam is an interdisciplinary team of healthcare, research, and design professionals. The team uses human-centered design research to collaborate with doctors, patients, and community members in an effort to ensure that health research, interventions, and communications are more relevant to the community they aim to serve. By engaging stakeholders in a co-design process, they are able to assist clients with recruitment strategies, study retention, and protocol …
IU Indianapolis
SNRI Biomarker Core
The Stark Neurosciences Research Institute Biomarker Core provides biomarker services to investigators. Multiplexing of targets in tissues or on a slide, investigators can detect changes in their samples and target specific pathways of interest in disease.
IU Indianapolis
3D Bioprinting Core (3DBPC)
We provide 3D bioprinting services with the Regenova Bio 3D Printer to generate tissue models (e.g., bone and liver) and we provide FABRICA bioreactor platforms to properly perfuse bioprinted tissue models with blood or cell culture media.
Purdue University
Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility (TGEF)
Offering transgenic and CRISPR-mediated targeted gene editing in mice and rats; gene-targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells (ES) cells; embryo and sperm cryopreservation; in vitro fertilization; rederivation for importation or clean-up of infected lines. Also offering assistance with project design and mouse/rat breeding colony maintenance.
IU Indianapolis
Translation Core
The Translation Core provides services that facilitate the conduct of research involving human subjects, including supplying low-cost, high-quality analyte measurements for a variety of hormones, cytokines, lipids and other analytes. Translation Core human studies services include phenotyping (i.e. GTT, clamp studies, tracer studies), and access to a biobank of human tissues and serum.
Purdue University
Translational Pharmacology Facility
The PTP Core offers automated blood monitoring in rodents and large animals utilizing stress free sampling through CulexTM technology. We perform a host of services from early lead identification PK and PD assessment through product testing of human formulations in pigs and minipigs, including preclinical formulation development, biodistribution studies, metabolomics analysis, and in vivo toxicological evaluation.
IU Indianapolis
Translational Research Core (TRC)
The Translational Research Core specializes in assisting researchers with the identification/development and analysis of laboratory correlates in translational research.
IU Indianapolis
Vector Production Facility (IUVPF)
IUVPF produces retroviral and lentiviral vectors for both pre-clinical and FDA Phase I/II human gene therapy clinical trials.
Purdue University
Veterinary Clinical Trials (VCT)
The Veterinary Clinical Trials Support Service (VCT) facilitates veterinary clinical trials and provides expertise and technical support for translational clinical investigations using animal models of spontaneous, naturally-occurring diseases in client-owned animals and for trials leading to novel drugs or devices.