In a mixed methods study, researchers found that effective crisis leaders provide information updates and emotional coping advice.

During crises, people look to government for guidance, protection, and stability. Effective government crisis communication leaders exhibit the following competencies: crisis perceptiveness, humility, flexibility, presence, and cooperation. Keeping people safe and informed is of utmost importance. Communicatively, leaders must provide coping advice, uncertainty management and explanations, and gratitude during crisis.